From "Red Fortress" to "Smart Power Plant": A Century of Glory of Shanghai Electric Power Industry

The rapid development of Shanghai's electric power industry after the founding of new China

 

In the 1970s, Shanghai electric power workers set up booths to serve citizens.

(1) Rebirth of Zhabei Power Plant and Yangshupu Power Plant

Zhabei Power Plant and Yangshupu Power Plant have nearly a hundred years of industrial history. They are the witnesses of Shanghai's national industry and the epitome of Shanghai's development history. With the changes of the times, the big chimney has become a thing of the past, and the old power plant has ushered in a new life. It is transforming into a new city business card that integrates functions such as creativity, exposition, education, leisure and entertainment, new energy, and energy saving.

1. Zhabei Power Plant: See the Phoenix Nirvana of the Old Thermal Power Plant

Zhabei Power Plant is the first power plant built by national capital in my country. The power plant was built to generate electricity in 1911. It was named "Zhabei Hydropower Company" at that time. The company owned a water plant and a power plant. The military road along the river was the most important industrial lifeline in Shanghai at that time.

After the liberation of Shanghai, Zhabei Power Plant was reborn. In 1953, Zhabei Power Plant became the first batch of public-private joint ventures in Shanghai. In 1956, the power plant was changed to a state-owned enterprise. From 1958 to 1965, Zhabei Power Plant was expanded in the second and third phases. The 50,000-kilowatt cooling unit has been settled in the power plant, which is a milestone in the equipment manufacturing industry. In 1974, Zhabei Power Plant underwent four-phase expansion. So far, the installed capacity of the power plant reached 454,500 kilowatts, which was 13 times that before liberation. It became one of the largest thermal power plants in Shanghai at that time and the only fuel-fired thermal power plant in the city. The annual power generation capacity is more than 3 billion kWh, accounting for one-fifth of the power generation capacity of power plants in Shanghai.

After the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of Shanghai power grid in the direction of large units, high parameters and large power grids, and the continuous improvement of social environmental protection awareness, in order to meet the needs of the market economy, Zhabei Power Plant has gradually developed into an important peak and frequency regulation power plant in the center of the big city. It is responsible for the peak and frequency regulation of the peak and valley load of the power grid. In the case of frequent start and stop of generator sets and constant load changes, the power plant always attaches great importance to safe production to ensure the safe and stable operation of the generator set. The peak rate has reached 100% for many years. The safe operation of urban power grids continued to play an active role. Since 1994, Zhabei Power Plant has begun to build a new high-tech power plant with a modern level. From August 26, 1996, the first 100,000-kilowatt generator set was successfully connected to the grid to generate electricity to January 1, 1997, four 100,000-kilowatt power plants. The gas turbine generator set was fully put into commercial operation, and Zhabei Power Plant was built into a gas turbine power plant with international level and the largest power generation capacity in the country at that time. The forefront of the power plant.

During the reform and development of Shanghai's electric power industry, Zhabei Power Plant successively dispatched batches of technicians and management personnel to support the construction of new power plants, Baosteel's self-provided power plant, Shanghai Shidongkou Power Plant, Shidongkou No. 2 Power Plant, Shanghai Waigao Power Plant Qiao Power Plant has technicians and production backbones delivered by Zhabei Power Plant, and plays an important role in the construction of the power plant. In the reform and development of the power industry, Zhabei Power Plant has developed from a single power generation and heat supply power plant to a comprehensive enterprise based on power generation, market service-led, serving electricity and serving the society, forming a coal-fired power generation, Maintenance of main and auxiliary equipment for fuel-fired power generation and gas turbine power generation, renovation, installation and commissioning of power supply and consumption equipment below 220KV voltage level, processing and production of non-standard metal structural parts and mechanical equipment accessories, dock loading and unloading, installation and repair of refrigeration and air conditioning, material distribution, storage , Boiler, electrical insulation and other chemical cleaning, technical consulting, welder training and other services industries.

At present, in accordance with the requirements of the National Energy Administration's coal power industry to eliminate outdated production capacity, Zhabei Power Plant actively and prudently organizes and implements the shutdown and dismantling of units, personnel placement and subsequent related plans. History's Zhabei Power Plant will phoenix Nirvana, and then spread its wings.

2. Yangshupu Power Plant: see the gorgeous turn of the cradle of China's power industry

Founded in 1911, Yangshupu Power Plant is located at No. 2800, Yangshupu Road, Shanghai, near the Huangpu River in the south, with convenient water and land transportation. In 1923, Yangshupu Power Plant had become the largest and most profitable thermal power plant in the Far East at that time. When Shanghai was liberated, the power generation of Yangshupu Power Plant accounted for 10.7% of the country's total installed capacity and supplied nearly 80% of Shanghai's electricity.

After liberation, Yangshupu Power Plant has gradually embarked on a multi-functional development track with combined electricity and heat supply, power transmission and transformation from a single power generation. By 1990, the largest heating area in downtown Shanghai with a radius of 2.5 kilometers had been formed, with the power plant as the center, with 6 main heating lines. The thermal efficiency of the whole plant increased from 27.75% in 1949 to 53.86% in 1990. The smoky appearance of the Yangpu area has been greatly changed in the past, and it has reached the standard of a basically smoke-free area in Shanghai. While providing power and energy for Shanghai, Yangshupu Power Plant plays the role of "passing, helping, and leading", and has cultivated and delivered a large number of power construction talents for the country, and sent 3,224 people to 256 units across the country. It has the reputation of "the cradle of China's power industry".

In 2010, for the transformation and development of Shanghai, the Yangshupu Power Plant was officially shut down in accordance with the relevant national policy requirements for energy conservation and emission reduction. From the construction of the riverside power station in the Electrical Office of the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Industry in 1911 to the shutdown of the generator set at the Yangshupu Power Plant at the end of 2010, the industrial site of Yangshupu has witnessed the rise and fall of Shanghai for a century. However, this century-old factory has not withdrawn from the stage of history.

Industrial remains turned into art venues. In the Yangpu Riverside Linkage Project, the original dry ash storage tank of Yangshupu Power Plant was transformed into an ash silo art gallery, which will eventually be designed and implemented with an art exhibition-oriented strategy with strong flexibility and openness. In the Shanghai Urban Art Season held from September to November 2019, Huicang Art Museum, as a post house in the east section, was created by domestic and foreign artists as public works of art, becoming an important node of the entire space art season.

Red resources boost patriotic education. Yangshupu Power Plant has a century-old historical and cultural heritage and the tradition of the power industry revolution. The red resources of the power plant are open to the public. In 2019, it received nearly 4,000 visits. As a cultural relics protection unit and a patriotic education base in Shanghai, Yangshupu Power Plant will feature energy and environmental technology industries to create a new landmark of an outstanding global city integrating industrial culture, Shanghai-style culture and red culture!

Take advantage of the riverside to create public space. In 2015, along with the launch of the entire Huangpu River public space engineering plan, Yangshupu Power Plant began to transform from a closed production coastline of "no entry for idlers" to a living waterfront open space for cultural and ecological sharing, creating the remains of Yangshupu Power Plant. The park creates a unique waterfront cultural space embedded in the rhythm of the city.

From the old to the modern, from the heavy to the light, from the relics of industrial civilization to the spiritual symbols of the city, the glorious history and glorious traditions of the past have allowed the Yangshupu Power Plant to continue its life, achieving modernity and history, public and industry, exhibition and recreation, art and architecture. The fusion and coordination between objects has transformed into one of the landmarks of Shanghai's urban culture.

(Written by: Cheng Jin, Party Branch of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)

(2) The construction, operation and dispatch of the largest regional power grid in a single country in the world - East China Power Grid

East China Power Grid, as a regional power grid that manages four provinces and one city (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Fujian) in East China, is a modern large power grid that focuses on cutting-edge technology, pursues excellent quality, conducts UHV power transmission, and involves a wider area. . In 2010, according to the evaluation of multiple indicators such as the highest electricity load, power generation scale, grid scale, and total electricity consumption, East China Power Grid has jumped to the world's largest regional (within a single country) power grid, and has surpassed the PJM power grid in the United States. (The PJM grid is the largest centrally dispatched electrical control area in North America, with a total generation capacity of over 56GW and a peak load of 51.7GW). 

The predecessor of the East China Power Grid was the East China Electric Power Administration established in 1962, which oversaw the electric power industry in three provinces and one city in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui; Merged, respectively, "China East China Electric Power Co., Ltd." and "China East China Electric Power Group." After entering the 21st century, East China Power Grid has further completed the restructuring and merger, and officially established "East China Power Grid Co., Ltd." in September 2003 to manage the power grids of four provinces and one city in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Fujian in East China, and is responsible for and manage East China. The planning and development of power grid power business.

The smooth and stable operation of East China Power Grid mainly depends on its inter-provincial market. The inter-provincial market of East China Power Grid is different from the inter-regional and inter-provincial market, and its role is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, strictly abide by the quality control and ensure the safe dispatch of the whole network. Mainly through spot trading, under the condition of ensuring the operation safety of East China Power Grid, real-time monitoring and balancing of power and electricity in East China region, and strictly abide by the bottom line thinking of safe dispatching of electricity in the whole network; the second is to optimize configuration and rational dispatch. Mainly through medium and long-term transactions, the overall grasp and dispatch of electricity purchase and electricity consumption in the four provinces and one city of East China Power Grid, and the regulation and complementation of electricity and electricity in each province (city); use. The application of new energy in the power market is an important way to achieve "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" and promote green development. East China Power Grid focuses on the use of market-oriented and diversified methods, introduces multiple auxiliary resources in the unified configuration of the entire network, and actively explores and promotes the integration of new energy and receiving-end power grids through technological progress and innovation. The East China Power Grid has successfully integrated the power markets of different provinces and cities in East China and has become an early pilot for the construction of a unified power market across the country. 

Building a world-class dispatching road is the inevitable choice and the only way for East China Power Grid as a world-class super-large regional power grid. The dispatching of East China Power Grid attaches great importance to safe operation, pursues excellent quality, and strives to continue to lead the industry. First, ensure safety and precision. The so-called "slight difference is a thousand miles away". East China Power Grid's unremitting pursuit and excellence in safety scheduling is the top priority of its work, ensuring safety first in all aspects such as work planning, management, operation and maintenance, and network-wide scheduling. , Accurate arrangement and scheduling. Second, realize innovation and diversification. "Innovation is the first driving force for development", East China Power Grid always maintains the vitality and passion for innovation in the safe operation and dispatching work, always pursues self-transcendence, strives to learn and absorb leading practices at home and abroad, and actively explores and innovates dispatching technology and Professional management, always committed to the promotion and improvement of scheduling career. Finally, the pursuit of excellence. "Quality is the foundation of enterprise development", East China Power Grid has always maintained a high-quality pursuit of the power regulation of the whole network, and continued to promote the comprehensive and continuous improvement of various indicators. At the same time, East China Power Grid also attaches great importance to the construction of basic guarantee capabilities such as excellent talents, technology incubation, and organizational systems, providing a solid foundation for the continuous improvement of core business levels. 

East China Power Grid not only revolves around the advanced dispatching concept of "no deviation, innovation and high quality", but also leads the industry and pursues excellence in terms of specific operations. The dispatching of East China Power Grid is mainly realized through its dispatching room, which mainly includes three functional areas. The first is the real-time dispatching area, which conducts real-time monitoring of the entire power grid to ensure the provision of accurate and timely dispatching data, which is the premise and foundation for improving the management level and emergency response capability of the East China Power Grid; Arrange and carry out emergency drills to enhance the safety awareness of dispatchers and improve their ability to respond to various emergencies. The third is the office area, which plays a number of key functions such as the deployment, planning, management, implementation, operation, and maintenance of the power dispatching of the whole network, which is affirmed by the dispatching center of the State Grid Corporation of China. 

(Written by: Li Haitang, Party Branch of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)

(3) The Secret Underground in Jing'an Sculpture Park: The completion of China's first multi-stage step-down 500 kV underground substation

Shanghai's "14th Five-Year Plan" and the 2035 long-term goal outline proposed to "strengthen future-oriented modern infrastructure" to improve energy supply security capabilities. At present, Shanghai Power Grid has built a domestic leading ultra-large, large-scale urban AC-DC hybrid grid and a 500 kV double-ring network as the backbone of the power transmission pattern. The grid resource optimization capability, safety control capability, and operation and maintenance level have reached the world's advanced level. In 2018 The overall reliability rate of power supply in Shanghai power grid has reached 99.98%, ranking first in the country. In the course of the development of Shanghai Power Grid, many "national firsts" have been created, including the Jing'an 500 kV underground substation project.

1. Features of Jing'an 500kV underground substation

As a composite super city park, Jing'an Sculpture Park not only enables tourists to appreciate the world's top public art, but also enables the surrounding urban residents to have leisure and entertainment in a natural way. The adjacent Shanghai Natural History Museum and the old site exhibition hall of the Songpu Special Committee of the Communist Party of China in the park and the site of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are even more attractive. What is even more unexpected is that the underground of the park is the first fully underground, ultra-large-capacity, multi-stage step-down, intelligent 500kV substation in the center of the city in my country, including the 500kV static safety underground substation body and the 500kV power tunnel. Underground cables, with a total construction area of ​​58,000 square meters, provide a substation capacity of 5,000MVA, and the civil construction design service life is 100 years. In order to ensure the safety and reliability of electricity consumption in the 2010 Shanghai World Expo and the downtown area, implement the concept of "Better City Makes Life", and take into account the economy of power supply in the central urban area, the Jing'an 500 kV substation was planned and demonstrated in 2004, and construction started at the end of 2006. , completed in early 2010, using the full reverse operation method for underground construction, solving the problems of many surrounding buildings and dense pipelines, minimizing the impact on the surrounding environment, and all environmental impact factors complying with environmental protection requirements, won the highest award in China's construction industry The award "Luban Award" and the "Magnolia" award, the highest award in the construction industry in Shanghai. Its construction fundamentally solved the shortage of electricity supply in the central urban area of ​​Shanghai at that time, and greatly optimized the structure of the ultra-high voltage power grid in the central urban area.

Jing'an 500kV underground substation adopts a cylindrical underground structure, with the inlet and outlet air shafts as the main building on the ground. In the landscape design of the integration of the substation and the sculpture park, from the overall consideration, a coherent landscape interface is constructed, combined with the landscape sketches, and the buildings are naturally hidden and highlighted. The plum garden is a typical representative. There are also many technological innovations in the construction and operation of Jing'an 500kV underground substation, which has promoted the development of the power grid industry. For example: the application of 1500MVA super-capacity transformer, which was the largest container transformer in the substation of East China Power Grid at that time; the first use of 500kV ultra-high voltage, large-section XLPE cable in China, and the first use of the whole station industrial auxiliary control system controlled by a unified controller for the first time ; 500kV electrical equipment partial discharge online monitoring system, etc.

Energy-saving and environmental protection technology is also widely used in Jing'an 500 kV substation. First, a large number of energy-saving and environmental protection technologies are used in the construction process. The reverse construction of the foundation pit can save 3,000 cubic meters of concrete and 900 tons of steel bars, which not only shortens the construction period but also improves economic benefits; the recycling of mud reduces environmental risks; the implementation of groundwater recycling and rainwater recycling projects can nearly 300 tons. The second is the use of energy-saving and environmentally friendly materials, such as the use of grade III steel bars instead of grade II steel bars, saving 2,250 tons of steel; the use of glass-magnesium composite air ducts saves more than 10% of energy than traditional iron ducts.

2. The significance of Jing'an 500kV underground substation

Although it has been ten years since the Jing'an 500kV underground substation was built, it still plays a key role in the Shanghai power grid, guaranteeing urban energy security and economic and social development, and also affecting the future development of the power grid. For example, the second fully underground 500 kV Hongyang Power Transmission and Transformation Project in Shanghai was completed at the end of 2017. This project is a combination of 500 kV substations and non-residential buildings to further optimize the structure of the urban power grid, and also adopts the reverse operation construction method. Although the State Grid Smart Substation Technical Guidelines were released in 2009, the intelligent construction of Jing'an 500kV underground substations also provided valuable experience for the development of my country's grid smart substations.

(Writing by: Liu Zhaofeng, Party Branch of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)

Shanghai Electric Power in the digital and information age

(1) Shanghai Nuclear Power: From "Zero" to "Deep Blue"

Nuclear power has the characteristics of no greenhouse gas emissions, high efficiency and stability, and low operating costs. It is an important clean energy source. Vigorously developing the nuclear power industry has become one of the necessary means to promote China's comprehensive green and low-carbon transformation. China's nuclear power industry originated in Shanghai. In 1970, the preparations for the construction of Qinshan Nuclear Power Station (also known as "728" project) began, marking the official start of China's nuclear power industry with Shanghai as the pioneer pilot area. Shanghai is the main undertaker of the "728" nuclear power project design. Half of the important equipment and thousands of tons of special materials in Qinshan Phase I come from the contributions of more than 180 enterprises or institutions in Shanghai. On December 15, 1991, Qinshan Nuclear Power Station was officially connected to the grid for power generation, achieving a "zero" breakthrough in the nuclear power industry in mainland China, and laying a solid foundation for the rapid development of Shanghai's nuclear power industry. Shanghai's nuclear power industry has been developing for nearly 50 years. It has developed from the area where my country's earliest nuclear power engineering design was undertaken to an important base for providing nuclear power services in my country. Shanghai also undertook projects such as nuclear power technology research and development and nuclear power technology innovation during my country's "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period.

In recent years, the nuclear power services of Shanghai's nuclear power industry have covered almost the entire nuclear power project in China, and have become an important field of Shanghai's high-tech industry. Nuclear power industry chain. In terms of regional policy guidance, the Shanghai municipal government has launched a series of strategic measures to promote the development of Shanghai's nuclear power industry. In December 2012, the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Economy and Information Technology issued the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Shanghai's New Energy Industry", placing the nuclear power industry in a prominent position in Shanghai's new energy development, and clarified the main equipment and control systems of nuclear islands, nuclear power The specific contents of the nuclear power development in the three major sectors of key pump valves, conventional island main equipment and key components are specified, and the layout and division of labor of Shanghai's nuclear power industry are specified to ensure Shanghai's leading position in the country. In the same year, the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Economy and Information Technology issued the "Twelfth Five-Year Development Plan for Shanghai's High-end Equipment Manufacturing Industry", which clearly pointed out that it is necessary to further strengthen the research and development of nuclear power technology, enhance the ability to design a new generation of nuclear island main equipment, and improve the ability of complete sets of nuclear power equipment. , and take the third and second generation plus nuclear island main equipment, the third and second generation plus conventional island main equipment, key auxiliary equipment, nuclear power design, complete sets of equipment and engineering services as the key development areas of nuclear power, and further extend the development of nuclear power service industry. In 2020, the Shanghai Nuclear Power Office, as the main undertaking unit, completed the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Shanghai Nuclear Power Industry", which clearly pointed out the six major areas of nuclear power development in Shanghai, namely the research and development and application of nuclear power technology, nuclear power equipment manufacturing, and nuclear power. Technical services, new industries in the field of nuclear energy, integration of cutting-edge technologies, and industrial space layout, to build five Shanghai nuclear power industry centers, including nuclear energy technology innovation, complete sets of nuclear power equipment, nuclear power operation and maintenance services, nuclear power engineering construction, and international exchanges and cooperation, and to further expand nuclear power development. field. At the national macro-strategic level, in November 2016, the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration jointly issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for Electric Power Development", clearly proposing to adhere to the safe development of nuclear power and to further strengthen the construction of coastal nuclear power projects; 2020 In September, at the 75th United Nations General Assembly, China clearly put forward the emission reduction target of “achieving carbon peak in 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality in 2060”, which has put forward higher requirements for clean and low-carbon industries in China. The development of Shanghai's nuclear power industry has injected a strong impetus.

Under the active guidance of the national macro policy, Shanghai has now become an important base for domestic leading and internationally renowned nuclear power R&D and design, nuclear power equipment manufacturing and nuclear power technical services. The nuclear power group company is the main body, and other enterprises participate in the new pattern of common development of the major links of the nuclear power industry chain. In 2020, the world's first Fuqing Nuclear Power Unit 5, "Hualong No. 1", which was designed by Shanghai-based companies including Energy China East China Institute, was successfully connected to the grid for the first time. Shanghai nuclear power is moving towards "deep blue".

(Writing by: Luo Liheng, Party Branch of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)

(2) Energy storage technology: changing future electricity consumption patterns

Energy storage technology is not only of great value for shaving peaks and filling valleys and ensuring energy security, but also plays an important role in smoothing the output power of wind power and photovoltaics, and is an important support for new energy technology and industrial development. In the new era of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, relying on its scientific and technological advantages, Shanghai has made great achievements in the research and development, promotion, application and commercialization of energy storage technology. Shanghai's energy storage technology will make a greater contribution to supporting the city's and wider energy transition.

1. A major breakthrough has been made in the research and development of energy storage technology in Shanghai

Shanghai has a good foundation in energy storage technology research and development, and has formed an energy storage technology innovation cluster including scientific research institutes and enterprises. In recent years, key technological breakthroughs have been achieved many times. The research results of the Institute of Silicate of the Chinese Academy of Sciences made China the second country in the world to master the technology of single sodium-sulfur batteries in 2008. The institute has also made breakthroughs in energy storage materials such as new lead-free dielectric ceramics with high energy storage, large particle energy storage anode materials, and solid secondary batteries. Shanghai Space Power Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, etc. are also important forces in the research and development of energy storage technology in the city. They have made significant progress in the research and development of cutting-edge technologies such as water-based ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, as well as the construction of megawatt-level energy storage stations. Provide important technical support. The cascade utilization of decommissioned batteries for new energy vehicles is a hot spot in the research and development and application of energy storage technology in the near future. Shanghai Electric, Shanghai Power Energy Storage Battery Company and other companies have overcome key technical problems in the rapid detection and screening of batteries (Du Kunjie, 2020).

2. Shanghai vigorously promotes the pilot application of energy storage technology

In recent years, Shanghai has vigorously built energy storage technology application pilot projects, which not only debugs and optimizes energy storage technology research and development results, but also lays a solid foundation for its large-scale commercialization or industrialization. In 2014, the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics built China's first megawatt-scale sodium-sulfur battery energy storage power station; by 2020, Shanghai has built more than a dozen large-scale energy storage technology application demonstration projects, as shown in Table X.

 

As the energy storage equipment has the function of smoothing the output power of new energy power generation, it is a key link in the operation of multi-energy complementary power stations, microgrids, etc. The standard configuration will play an important supporting role in the transformation of Shanghai's urban energy system and the development of the city's new energy industry. For the connection and cooperation of energy storage technology and new energy power generation technology, the above-mentioned application demonstration projects have carried out essential debugging, which has accumulated experience and provided parameters for further optimization in the future.

3. Energy storage equipment has become a new growth point of Shanghai's new energy industry

With breakthroughs in the research and development of energy storage technology in Shanghai and the commissioning of trial operation, the conditions for large-scale commercialization or industrialization have matured, and "new energy + energy storage" has become a new growth point for Shanghai's new energy industry. In the domestic and foreign energy storage power station market, Shanghai Electric has signed a number of large-scale project contracts. In September 2020, the first phase of the Nantong energy storage battery production line invested by Shanghai Electric was put into operation, with a planned production capacity of 10GWh/year. In early 2021, my country's first commercial independent energy storage power station built by Shanghai Electric, the Golmud 32MW/64MWh energy storage power station, was put into operation. Shanghai Electric actively explores the international energy storage market through cooperation with multinational companies. In addition, breakthroughs in energy storage technology have also effectively boosted Shanghai's new energy vehicle companies to expand their market shares at home and abroad. With the deepening of reforms in the domestic power industry in terms of the power peaking market, capacity electricity pricing mechanism or negative watt transactions, energy storage technology will be further popularized and applied, and the market for energy storage equipment will be further expanded.

(Written by: Liu Xinyu, Party Branch, Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)